A new, elegantly-designed study sought to document the degree of loss of efficacy of the booster shot against pertussis, or whooping cough, among teens. Unfortunately, rapid decline was in fact found. The study, led by Dr. Nicola P. Klein and her colleagues based at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) group, was entitled "Waning Tdap Effectiveness in Adolescents," and was published in the journal Pediatrics. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The older version of the vaccine DPT), which was more protective against pertussis used whole-cell antigens to induce strong immunity. Occasionally this caused uncomfortable, but non-life-threatening fevers. Nevertheless, the new acellular vaccine essentially replaced the older one in the U.S. and Europe around 1991. Although it has fewer side effects, the newer vaccine is simply neither as protective nor as long-lasting as the older one. The DTaP vaccine is for children (usually infants) under seven to inoculate them against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. Tdap is the booster shot given at age 11 and then throughout life, after roughly every 10 years, to ensure continued immunity through adolescence and adulthood. The KPNC researchers' rationale was simple: because the effectiveness of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine wanes substantially after the fifth dose at ages 4 to 6 years, a substantial fraction of adolescents are now losing protection against pertussis. Despite high Tdap vaccine coverage among adolescents, California nonetheless experienced large outbreaks in 2010 and 2014. We recently covered a similar outbreak in Florida.
They analyzed pertussis risk in relation to Tdap vaccination status among adolescents beginning on their 10th birthday. On the basis of 1,207 pertussis cases, Tdap VE during the first year after vaccination was 69 percent, decreasing to 9 percent by four years after vaccination. Not surprisingly, adolescents who were vaccinated longer ago were 35 percent more likely to test positive for pertussis than those who were vaccinated more recently.